Iimeko zeSkin A–Z

acne-complete-guide

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

Acral Nevus: Ukuqonda iMole kwiIphakhe, iIphakhe, kunye neNail

Iimole kwiiphakhe, iiphakhe, kunye neenail zihlala zihluke kwiimole kwezinye iindawo ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekileyo sesikhumba esingenabala. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni evumelekileyo kwaye yintoni enokukhathaza kwiindawo ezi kubalulekile kuba i-acral melanoma ihlala ibonwa kamva.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Blue Nevus: Kungani Ezinye I-Moles Zibukeka Ziluhlaza Kwaye Nini Ukuze Ube Nengxaki

I-mole ebukeka iluhlaza ingakhathaza, kodwa i-blue nevi ngokubanzi ziindawo ze-melanocytic ezingenabungozi ezine-colour engajoliseleyo ephuma kwi-pigment ejulile kunye nomphumela we-Tyndall. Funda ukuba kungani ezinye i-moles zibukeka ziluhlaza kunye nexesha lokuba ufune ukuhlola.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Cellulitis: Ukukhumbula kunye Nokwelapha Le Nkcitho YeBhayisikhi Eyaziwayo

I-cellulitis yisifo esiqhelekileyo kodwa esingaba yingozi esingumkhuhlane we-bacterial esibangela ukuluhlaza, ukuvuvukala, kunye nobuhlungu. Funda indlela yokukhumbula iimpawu zokuxwayisa kunye nexesha lokufuneka ufune uncedo lwezempilo oluphuthumayo.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Dysplastic Nevus: Ukuqonda iMoles ezingaqhelekanga kunye noMngcipheko weMelanoma

Iidysplastic nevi ziimole ezingaqhelekanga ezineempawu ezithile ezifanayo ne-melanoma kwaye zingabonisa umngcipheko ophucukileyo we-hayt cancer. Funda indlela yokuzazi, xa kufuneka ukhathazeke, kunye nendlela yokujolisa rhoqo enokukukhusela.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Folliculitis: Ukuqonda i-Follicles zeNwele ezivuthayo

Ufolliculitis yimeko eqhelekileyo yesikhumba apho iifollicles zeenwele ziba nokutsha, zibangela iimpundu ezibomvu okanye iipustules. Funda ngentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukuba yintoni ebangela, kunye nendlela yokunyanga ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuthintela ukuvuka.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Halo Nevus: Xa i-Mole Yakho Ikhula Umjikelo Omhlophe Ukuyijolisa

I-mole eneholo emhlophe ebonakalayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-halo nevus — umphakathi ongenamphakathi apho inkqubo yokhuseleko ibhujiswa i-melanocytes ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-mole. Funda ngale nkqubo kunye noxhumano lwayo lwevitiligo.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Hemangioma: Ukuqonda Iimpawu Zomzimba Zokuzalwa KwiNtsana

Ihemangiomas zentsana ziintshukumo ezivamile kwiintsana, zithinta ukuya kwiipesenti eziyi-10 zeentsana. Uninzi lwayo luyalungiswa ngokwalo, kodwa ukuqonda xa unyango lufuneka kungagwema iingxaki kunye nokuhlala kwemibimbi.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Herpes Simplex: Ukwehlukanisa iFakthi zonyango kwiSikhumbuzo Socingo

Izigidi eziyi-3.7 zabantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-50 z carrying HSV-1 emhlabeni jikelele. I-herpes ingomnye wezifo ezivamile emhlabeni, nangona ingomnye wezinto ezingaqondakaliyo. Iifakthi zonyango zixelela ibali elahlukileyo kunoko umphakathi uthetha.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

I-Actinic Keratosis: I-Sign ye-Pre-Cancer Ethumela Uhlanga Lwakho

I-actinic keratoses ithinta ngaphezu kwe-58 million Americans, kwaye ukuya kwi-10% ye-AKs engaphuhliswanga iphucukile kwi-squamous cell carcinoma. Le miphunga eqinileyo, ehlakazekileyo yimpawu yokuxwayisa ye-skin yakho — uyigxothi ngengozi.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Amelanotic Melanoma: Ubhubhane Olufihliweyo lweCancer yeHaut Engenayo Umbala

I-amelanotic melanoma yenye yeendlela ezichaphazelekayo kakhulu ze-cancer ye-haut kuba ayinayo imibala emnyama abantu abaninzi abayixhaphazela ne-melanoma. Funda ukuba kutheni le cancer engena mbala ibaluleke kangaka kwaye indlela yokuyifumana kwangoko.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Basal Cell Carcinoma: I-Cancer 'Emnandi' Esiqhubekayo Iqhekeza Ubuso

I-basal cell carcinoma yi-cancer edumileyo kubantu, enezigidi eziyi-3.6 ezichongiweyo ngonyaka e-U.S. kuphela. Nangona ingavuthwa rhoqo, i-BCC engalaphekiyo ingaqhekeza i-nose, i-tshomi, okanye i-ihlathi—ukungabukeki okuqhelekileyo okungavinjwa ngokupheleleyo ngonyango lwangexesha.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Cherry Angioma: Kungani Uqhubeka Ufumana Iindawo Ezincinci Ezibomvu Esikhumbeni Sakho

Ezi ndawo ezibomvu ezikhanyayo ezivela emzimbeni wakho nasezandleni zakho zihlala ziyi-cherry angiomas — iimpawu ezivamile ze-vascular kubantu abadala. Zingenabungozi ngokupheleleyo, zanda ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba nini indawo ebomvu ifanele ukunakwa.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

I-Cystic Acne: Iimbangela, Uthintelo, kunye noMphumo wokuThintela

I-cystic acne yindlela enzima kakhulu ye-acne — iinodules ezijulile, ezibuhlungu ngaphantsi kwesikhumba. Funda ukuba yiziphi iindlela ez realmente zisebenzayo kunye nokuba ungayigwema njani imiqobo.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Dermatitis yeXhoba: Xa Isikhumba Sakho Siphendula KwiHlabathi Elikuzungezile

I-dermatitis yeXhoba ibalelwa kwi-95% yeengxaki zesikhumba ezinxulumene nomsebenzi. Ukuqonda ukuba i-rash yakho iyaliga okanye iyirritant — kunye nokuchonga umphumela — kukhiye wokuphelisa umjikelo we-flare.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Dermatofibroma: I-Nodule Yesikhumba Eqinile Ebonisa I-Dimple Xa Uyiqhawula

Le bump eqinile, efana nebhathini kwiinyawo zakho ebonisa i-dimple ngaphakathi xa uyicindezela mhlawumbi yi-dermatofibroma — i-nodule ye-fibrous engalunganga eyakhiwa njengempendulo kumonakalo omncinci wesikhumba. Funda ukuba ungayichonga njani kunye nexesha lokuba ufune ukuhlolwa.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

I-Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): I-Intshukumo Echaphazela Ukulala Nokucinga

I-eczema ithintela abantu abangama-31 million baseMelika, ibangela ukungakhululeki okungapheliyo okuphazamisa ukulala, umsebenzi, kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Ukuqonda iimpawu zakho kunye nokuphucula ukunyanga kunokuthetha umahluko phakathi kokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kunye nezihlandlo ezinde zokuphumla.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Herpes Yezenzo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuqonda i-HSV

I-genital herpes yisifo esivamile esithathelwana ngocansi esibangelwa yi-herpes simplex virus. Lo mhlahlandlela ugubungela umehluko phakathi kwe-HSV-1 ne-HSV-2, indlela yokulawula ukuphuma, ukunyanga okukhoyo, kunye nendlela yokuphila nalesi sifo.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

I-Melanoma Ephakathi: Uhlobo Oluphakathi Kakhulu Lwe-Melanoma

I-melanoma ephakathi ibalelwa kwi-70 percent yezo zifo ze-melanoma. Funda ukuba ungayifumana njani usebenzisa umthetho we-ABCDE, uqonde iimeko zokukhula kwayo, kwaye ufumanise ukuba kutheni ukufumanisa kwangaphambili kubalulekile ekunyangeni okuphumelelayo.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Moles: Umhlahlandlela opheleleyo wokuQonda iSkin Nevi

Konke okufuneka ukwazi malunga ne-moles — ukusuka kumabango okuzenza zibe yinto efunekayo ukuya kwixesha lokuba zifuna ingqalelo yezeMpilo. Funda umthetho we-ABCDE kunye nokuba i-AI ingakunceda njani ukulandelela utshintsho ngexesha.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Papilloma (Isikhumba Esiphakanyisiweyo): Ukuqonda Ukukhula Okuthambileyo Okuphakanyisiweyo kwiindawo Zokuxhaphaza

Iimpawu zesikhumba zikhona phakathi kweziqhamo ezivamile, ezingenabungozi, ezikhulayo, ezichaphazela phantse u-50% wabantu abadala. Lezi zimpawu ezithambile, ezine-peduncle zikhula kwiindawo zokuphosa isikhumba, kwaye ukufumaneka kwazo kungakhumbuza ngezinkinga zempilo ye-metabolic ezifanele ukucwaningwa.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

I-Psoriasis: Ukuphila Nalesi Simo Sezikhumba Esingapheli Ngempela

I-Psoriasis ithinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-125 emhlabeni wonke futhi ayinayo imithi yokwelapha. Kodwa ukuqonda izimbangela zakho nezinketho zokwelashwa kungaba nomthelela phakathi kokuhlupheka okuqhubekayo nezikhathi ezinde zokuba nezikhumba ezicacile.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Pustular Psoriasis: Imbangela, Iifom, kunye noNyango

I-pustular psoriasis idlula i-plaque psoriasis eqhelekileyo — i-pustules ezingenabungozi kwi-epidermis ebonakalayo zingabekwa kumphakathi okanye zibe zininzi. Funda ngohlobo lwayo kunye nokunyanga.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Pyogenic Granuloma: Izimbangela, Ukuqaphela, Nokwelashwa

I-pyogenic granulomas ziindawo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, ezivame ukuhluza. Funda ukuba yintoni engaphantsi kwezi mikhono ye-vaskhuli engalunganga kunye nokuba yiphi indlela yokunyanga efanelekileyo.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

I-Seborrheic Dermatitis: Iimvelaphi, Iimpawu, kunye noNyango Olusebenzayo

I-sseborrheic dermatitis ibangela iindawo ezine-escale, ezinegreasy — ngakumbi emathanjeni nasebusweni. Funda ukuba yintoni eyenza oku kunye nokuba yintoni enceda ngempela.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

I-Seborrheic Keratosis: Iingxaki ezingonakaliyo ezibukeka zifana kakhulu neHautkrebs

I-seborrheic keratoses ziindawo ezivamile ezingenabungozi ezivela kubantu abadala abangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50, nangona zikhokelela kumphumo ophakamileyo kwi-hautkrebs kunanoma yiphi enye imeko. Funda ukwazi ukuba zikhona, uqonde ukuba kufuneka ukhathazeke nini, kwaye wazi iindlela zakho zokukhipha.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

I-Shingles (Herpes Zoster): Izizathu, Iimpawu, kunye noPhando

I-Shingles ivela kwi-reactivation ye-varicella virus kwaye ibonakala njengomkhono obuhlungu, obandayo. Funda yonke into malunga nezizathu, uphando, kunye nokhuseleko lwevaccine.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

I-Squamous Cell Carcinoma: I-Hautkrebs Efunekayo Ukuhlonitshwa

Ngaphezulu kwe-1.8 million cases ye-squamous cell carcinoma ibonwa minyaka le e-U.S. Ngokungafaniyo nomntwana wayo opholileyo i-BCC, i-SCC ingamemetheka kwaye ibulale. Ukufumaneka kwangaphambili kukhumbula umahluko ophambili phakathi kwenqubo elula kunye nesikhumbuzo esibulalayo.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

I-Varicella (I-Chickenpox): I-Rash YeNtanga Ekhulayo Echazwayo

I-chickenpox yi-viral infection ekhula ngokukhawuleza eyenziwa yi-varicella-zoster virus, ibangela i-rash ethintela umphunga eyenziwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Funda ngempawu, ubulungisa, kutheni ukuvaccine kubalulekile, kunye nokudibana ne-shingles kamva ebomini.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

I-Warts Eflat: Iimvelaphi, Ukufumanisa, kunye noPhando

I-warts eflat ziingxaki ezincinci, ezithambileyo zesikhumba ezivame ukuvela ngamanani amakhulu — ngakumbi ebusweni nasezandleni. Funda ukuba yintoni efanelekileyo kunye nexesha lokufumana ugqirha.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Iimpundu zePlantar: Izizathu, Ukususwa, kunye noKhuseleko

Iimpundu zePlantar ezisweni zeenyawo zihlala zihlupha kwaye ziqinile. Funda indlela ezikhula ngayo, ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza, kunye nokuba ungazikhusela njani.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Iiwati eziQhelekileyo: Ukukhula kweNtliziyo eZinzileyo Eziqhubeka Zibuya

Iiwati zithintela malunga ne-10% yabantu emhlabeni jikelele ngexesha elithile. Nangona zingonakali, ezi zikhula ezibangelwa yi-HPV zihlala ziqhubeka. Funda ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo kunye nesizathu sokuba iiwati ziqhubeke zibuya.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

IKeratoacanthoma: I-Tumor yeSkin ekhula ngokukhawuleza enokupheliswa ngokwayo

Keratoacanthoma yi-tumor yesikhumba ebonakalayo ekhula ngokukhawuleza kwiiveki, ifomisa umphakamo ophawulekayo onomphakathi ophakathi, kwaye ingase ibuyisele emuva ngokwayo. Funda ukuba kutheni ukuhlolwa ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile nangona imikhwa yayo ibangela ukuba ibonakale ingeyona ingxaki.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Impetigo: Umhlahlo Wale Nkinga Yokugula KweSkin Evamile Ezinganeni

I-impetigo yinkinga yokugula kwe-skin ye-bacterial ebanzi kakhulu ethintela kakhulu abantwana abancinci. Funda ngohlobo olwahlukileyo, indlela yokusabalala kwayo, iindlela zokunyanga ezisebenzayo, kunye nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuthintela ukuvela kwayo emakhaya nasezikolweni.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Isifo sikaBowen: Ukuqonda i-Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ

Isifo sikaBowen sisimo sokuqala se-squamous cell carcinoma esihlala sikhawulelwe kwi-layer yangaphandle yesikhumba. Ukuqonda kunye nokuphatha kwangexesha kuvimba ukuphucuka kwe-mhlaza yesikhumba enobungozi.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Ispot ebomvu kwiSkin engayi

Ispot ebomvu eqhubekayo iminyaka ingaba yinto ethile engenabungozi ukuya kwinto ephuthumayo. Ukuqonda iimpawu zokuxhalaba kungakunceda.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Kaposi Sarcoma: Ukuqonda Le Ntliziyo YeVascular Engaqhelekanga

I-Kaposi sarcoma yintliziyo engaqhelekanga eyakhiwa kwi-membrane yeetshiphusi zegazi kunye ne-lymph, ebangelwa yi-human herpesvirus 8. Le mikhombandlela ibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, indlela ezibukeka ngayo kwisikhumba, iindlela zokuvavanya, iindlela zonyango, kunye nexhumaniso elibalulekileyo kumgangatho wezempilo yokhuseleko.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Lentigo (Iindawo Zobudala): Iimvelaphi, Iintlobo & Iindlela Zokunyanga

I-lentigines, eyaziwa ngokuba ziindawo zobudala okanye iindawo zelanga, ziindawo ezimnyama ezilula ezibangelwa yiminyaka yokuchaphazeleka kwelanga. Funda ngentlobo ezahlukeneyo, indlela yokuzihlukanisa kwezinye iimeko ezinzima, kunye nezindlela zokunyanga ezikhoyo.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: I-Melanoma Eyandayo Kancinci Ekwilanga Eonakele Ngomso

Lentigo maligna melanoma yi-subtype ye-melanoma ethuthukisa kancinci kwi-skin eonakele ngexesha elide, ikakhulu ebusweni nasezithweni zabantu abadala. Ukufumaneka kwangoko ngexesha le-in situ kunika umbono omhle, okwenza ukuqonda kunye nokujonga kube kubalulekile.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Lichen Planus: Iimfuno, Ukubonwa, kunye noKwelashwa

I-lichen planus ibonakala njengezikhumbuzo ezimfusa, ezixhaphakileyo emzimbeni kwaye inokuthi iphinde ithinte imithambo ye-mucous. Funda indlela le meko ebona ngayo kwaye ilashwe.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

Lipoma: Ukuqonda Iimpawu Ezithambileyo Zefama Phantsi KweSkin Yakho

Le miphunga ethambileyo, efana nerubbery onokuyihambisa phantsi kwesikhumba sakho ngokuqhelekileyo yi-lipoma — i-tumor ethambileyo evamile kwiingcuka. Funda ukuba yintoni ebangela le miphunga, xa ifuna ingqalelo, kunye nezinketho zakho zokuyisusa.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Merkel Cell Carcinoma: I-Hautkrebs engaqhelekanga kodwa ebi kakhulu

Merkel cell carcinoma yi-hautkrebs engaqhelekanga kodwa ibi kakhulu ye-neuroendocrine efuna ukuxilongwa kunye nokwelashwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqonda iingozi, ukuqaphela ukubonakala kwayo, kunye nokufuna uvavanyo lwezempilo kwangaphambili kubalulekile ekuphuculeni iziphumo.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Milia: Ukuqonda Ii-Cysts Ezinomhlophe Ezincinci Phantsi KweSikhumba Sakho

Ezi ziqhamo ezincinci, eziqinileyo ezimhlophe ezikufutshane neentloko zakho kunye nemilebe azikho kwi-whiteheads — zi-milia, ii-cysts ezincinci ezigcwele i-keratin ezibanjwe phantsi kobuso besikhumba. Funda ukuba kutheni zivelayo, ubani ozifumanayo, kunye nendlela yokuzilungisa ngokukhuselekileyo.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Molluscum Contagiosum: Izizathu, Iimpawu, kunye noNyango

Molluscum contagiosum ziindidi ezincinci, ezineempawu ezijolise kumjikelo ophakathi — ikakhulu ziqhelekile kubantwana. Funda ukuba yintoni embehind kwaye xa unyango lunengqiqo.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

nail-fungus-complete-guide

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Nodular Melanoma: Uhlobo Olukhulu Lwenkohlakalo Yesikhumba

I-nodular melanoma yindlela ephosa kakhulu ye-melanoma, ikhula ngokuthe ngqo kwi-skin ukusukela ekuqaleni. Funda indlela yokuyazi ngokusebenzisa umthetho we-EFG, uqonde ukunyuka kwayo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ufumane ukuba kutheni ukufumanisa kwangaphambili kungasindisa ubomi bakho.

By Dr. Sarah Chen

Pityriasis Rosea: Iimvelaphi, Umjikelo, kunye noNyango

I-pityriasis rosea iqala nge-patch eyodwa ye-oval kwaye emva koko iyasakazeka ngendlela yeKhisimusi. Funda ukuba yintoni eyenza lokhu kunye nexesha lokuba kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

Rosacea: Ukuqonda Ukuphuma KweMibala Engapheliyo KwiMikhono EzingamaMillion EziPhosa I-Acne

I-rosacea ithinta ngaphezulu kwe-415 million abantu kwihlabathi liphakathi, nangona uninzi lungachazwanga iminyaka. Funda ukwazi iintlobo ezine, ukugwema iimpembelelo zakho, kwaye ufumane iindlela zokunyanga ezinokuthomalalisa ekuphumeni.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

Spitz Nevus: Umole Ongaqhelekanga OngaFana NeMelanoma

I-Spitz nevi yimamole ezahlukeneyo ezingenza ukuba zibe nomphumo omkhulu kokubini kwi-clinical nakwi-microscope kuba zabelana ngezinto ezifanayo ne-melanoma. Ziqhelekile kakhulu kubantwana, ukuqonda lezi nevi ezingaqhelekanga kunceda ukuvimbela ukungakhathali okungafunekiyo kwaye kuqinisekise ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo.

By Dr. Emily Hartmann

Tinea Corporis (Ringworm): Izizathu, Iimpawu & Ubulungisa

Tinea corporis, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ringworm, yintsholongwane ye-skin ye-fungal ekhupha iiphethini ezibomvu ezine-ring-shaped. Funda ukuba yintoni eyenza, indlela esasazeka ngayo, kunye nokuba ungayinyanga njani kwaye ungayivimba njani le mngeni eqhelekileyo.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Tinea Pedis (Iinyawo zomgibeli): Iintlobo, Ukulashwa & Ukuthintela

UTinea pedis, okanye iinyawo zomgibeli, yenye yeefungal infections ezidumileyo ezichaphazela iinyawo. Funda ngentlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, izizathu zayo, kunye nendlela yokuyilashwa nokuyithintela ngempumelelo.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Tinea Versicolor: Ukuqonda i-Yeast Eguqula Umbala Wakho Wesikhumba

Tinea versicolor yimeko ye-fungal skin eqhelekileyo edalwe kukukhula ngokweqile kwe-Malassezia yeast, okuholela kwiindawo ezilula okanye ezimnyama kwisikhumba. Funda ukuba yintoni eyenza ukuba ibekhona, indlela yokuyiphatha, kunye nokuqonda ukuba kutheni ibuyela.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Trichomycosis: Iintsholongwane zeBhayoloji eziNqamlezileyo kwiMikhono yeNwele

I-Trichomycosis yisifo se-bacterial esenza ukungena, umbala opholile kwi- shafts zeenwele, ikakhulu kwiindawo zokungena. Funda ngezizathu zayo, ukubonakala kwayo okuhlukile, kunye nezinketho zokunyanga ezilula.

By Dr. James Okonkwo

Urticaria (Hives): Xa Iskin Yakho Iphakanyiswa Ngaphandle KweSaziso

I-Hives iya kuthintela malunga ne-20% yabantu ngexesha elithile lobomi babo. Iimeko ezininzi zihlala zifutshane kwaye azinabungozi, kodwa i-urticaria eziqhubekayo ingahlala iminyaka, kwaye ezinye iimeko zibonisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-anaphylaxis okungabeka ubomi emngciphekweni.

By Dr. Marcus Rodriguez

vitiligo-complete-guide

By Dr. Emily Hartmann