Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus that has been lying dormant in nerve ganglia since a past chickenpox infection. When the immune system weakens or is stressed, the virus can reactivate along a specific nerve and cause the typical one-sided painful rash.
Your risk of shingles increases with age, a weakened immune system, chronic diseases, and certain medications like chemotherapy or long-term steroids. People who have had chickenpox are at risk, and complications are more common in older adults and those with immune suppression.
The main treatment for herpes zoster is early antiviral therapy with drugs like acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir, ideally started within 72 hours of rash onset. Pain control with analgesics, nerve pain medicines, and soothing topical care is crucial, and some people need specific treatment for postherpetic neuralgia.
The most effective way to prevent shingles and its complications is vaccination against herpes zoster, especially for adults over 50. Healthy lifestyle habits and good control of chronic diseases also help keep your immune system strong and lower the risk of reactivation.
You should see a doctor promptly if you suspect shingles, especially if the rash is on your face, near your eye, or if the pain is severe. A doctor can confirm the diagnosis, start antivirals, manage pain, and check for complications like eye damage or postherpetic neuralgia.
Shingles should be evaluated by a doctor within 24–72 hours of rash onset so antiviral treatment can be started early. If the rash is on your face, near your eye, or you feel very unwell, seek urgent same-day or emergency care.