Amamaki Amnyama Ne-Hyperpigmentation: Izimpawu Zokuqala & Ukuvimbela

I-hyperpigmentation yigama elibanzi elichaza izindawo zesikhumba ezithole ukungcoliswa okukhulu kunezicubu ezizungezile. Ingomunye wezizathu ezivamile abantu abafuna usizo lwezokwelapha zesikhumba emhlabeni jikelele, ithinta wonke ama-tones wesikhumba, nakuba ivame ukuvelela futhi iqhubeke kakhulu kumakhono aphakathi nendawo kuya kokumnyama. Ezingeni leseli, i-hyperpigmentation yenzeka lapho ama-melanocytes — amangqamuzana abhekele ukukhiqiza i-melanin, ipigment ebanika isikhumba umbala — eba nokusebenza ngokweqile noma akhiqiza i-melanin ngendlela engalingani.

Le miphumela yokukhiqiza ingaqalwa ukukhanya kwelanga, ukuvuvukala, izinguquko ze-hormonal, ukulimala, noma imithi ethile. I-melanin eyengeziwe ibekwa ezicubeni zesikhumba ezizungezile, kudala amaphakethe amnyama noma amamaki abonakalayo. I-melanin ikhona ngezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-eumelanin, ekhiqiza imibala emnyama nephuzi, kanye ne-pheomelanin, ekhiqiza imibala ebomvu nephuzi.

Umehluko walezi zinhlobo ezimbili, uhambisana nenani elikhiqizwayo kanye nokwabiwa kwayo phakathi kwezendlalelo zesikhumba, unquma umbala nokubonakala kwezindawo ezine-hyperpigmentation. Ubukhulu lapho i-melanin eyengeziwe ibekwe khona kubalulekile kakhulu emiphumeleni yokwelashwa. I-epidermal hyperpigmentation — lapho i-melanin ibekwe ezindaweni eziphezulu zesikhumba — ivame ukuphendula kahle kumaphilisi angaphezulu futhi ibonakala njengokungcoliswa okuphuzi noma okumnyama.

I-dermal hyperpigmentation — lapho i-melanin ifakwe ezindaweni ezijulile — ibonakala njengokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi iyaphikisana nokwelashwa okungaphezulu. Izigameko eziningi zifaka inhlanganisela ye-epidermal ne-dermal pigment. Udokotela wesikhumba angasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-Wood's lamp ukusiza ukucacisa ubukhulu bokungcoliswa nokuhola okulindelekile kokwelashwa.

I-hyperpigmentation ye-post-inflammatory, evame ukufingqwa njenge-PIH, iyinhlobo evamile ye-hyperpigmentation etholekile. Ivela ngemuva kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokuvuvukala kwesikhumba noma ukulimala — i-acne, i-eczema, ukushiswa, uk cuts, izinyosi, noma izinqubo zokuhlobisa ezinzima. Inqubo yokuvuvukala ikhuthaza ama-melanocytes ukukhiqiza i-pigment eyengeziwe, ehlala isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthi ukuvuvukala kokuqala kuphumelele.

I-PIH ivame kakhulu futhi ibonakala kakhulu kumakhono amnyama ngenxa yokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-melanocyte. I-hyperpigmentation ye-post-inflammatory evela ku-acne ingahlala iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokwelashwa, yingakho ukuvimbela izilonda ze-acne ukuba zibe nokuvuvukala okukhulu — nokugwema ukukhipha — kuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo kakhulu sokulwa namamaki amnyama.!! I-PIH ivame ukuphendula kahle kumaphilisi angaphezulu futhi iyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlale kuqinisekiswa ukuvikelwa kwelanga.

I-melasma iyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-hyperpigmentation ebonakaliswa ngamaphakethe amnyama noma amnyama, avame kakhulu emaphashini, emathangeni, emlonyeni ophakeme, ebhentshini, nasechaphazweni. Ibandakanyeka kakhulu nezinto ze-hormonal — ukukhulelwa, ama-oral contraceptives, kanye nezokwelapha ze-hormone ziwumthombo ovamile. Ukukhanya kwelanga kwenza i-melasma ibe sibi kakhulu, futhi noma ukukhanya okubonakalayo nokushisa kungakhuthaza i-pigmentation ezindaweni ezithintekayo.

I-melasma ibonakala iyinselele yokwelapha futhi inezinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda. I-solar lentigines, eyaziwa ngokuthi izindawo zokukhanya kwelanga, izindawo zokuguga, noma izindawo ze-liver, zingamaphakethe amnyama aphansi athuthukiswa esikhumbeni esikhanyisiwe isikhathi eside — ubuso, izandla, amahlombe, nezitho zamehlo. Zimelela umonakalo we-UV ohlangene kuma-melanocytes eminyakeni futhi ziba ziningi ngemva kweminyaka engu-40. Ngokwehlukile kumafreckles, angase anciphe ebusika, i-solar lentigines ivame ukuhlala unyaka wonke futhi ingase ibonakale kakhulu ngokukhanya kwelanga okuqhubekayo.

Uma kukhona iqiniso elivamile ekuphathweni kwe-hyperpigmentation, ukuthi akukho ukwelashwa okuzoba neqhaza ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwelanga okukhona. Ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuyisikhuthazo esinamandla kakhulu sokukhiqiza i-melanin, futhi noma ukukhanya kwelanga okungavikelwe okwesikhashana kungaphula izinyanga zokuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa. Lokhu kwenza ukusebenzisa i-sunscreen nsuku zonke kube isisekelo sokuvimbela nokwelapha.

Ukuze uthole ukubuka okuphelele, bheka umhlahlandlela wethu wokuvikela elangeni. I-sunscreen ye-broad-spectrum enezinga le-SPF elingu-30 noma ngaphezulu ivimba ama-UVB rays akhiqiza ukushiswa kwelanga kanye nama-UVA rays angena ng deeper futhi akhuthaza ama-melanocytes. Kubantu abane-melasma noma abaphila ne-hyperpigmentation, i-SPF 50 ivame ukunconywa.

Okubalulekile ukufaka kahle — abantu abaningi bafaka kuphela u-25 kuya ku-50 percent wendawo enconyiwe, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo. Kubantu abane-hyperpigmentation, ama-sunscreens anombala aqukethe i-iron oxide anikeza inzuzo ebalulekile eyengeziwe kunezindlela ezinganembile ngoba avimba ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okukhombisile ukuthi kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-melanin — ikakhulukazi kumakhono amnyama — ngohlelo olungakhethi ama-UV filters ajwayelekile.!! Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu ekuphathweni kwe-melasma.

Ngaphezu kwe-sunscreen, ukuziphatha okuvikelayo kukhuthaza ukuvimbela. Ukufuna umthunzi phakathi nezikhathi eziphezulu ze-UV phakathi kwe-10 AM no-4 PM, ukugqoka amahhashi amakhulu, nokusebenzisa ama-sunglasses avikela i-UV konke kunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwe-melanocyte. Ukuphinda ufake njalo emuva kwezinsuku ezimbili ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga okuqhubekayo, noma ngokushesha ngemuva kokubhukuda noma ukuhamba kakhulu, kugcina umkhawulo ovikelayo.

Ukuvimbela i-hyperpigmentation ye-post-inflammatory kugxila ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba nokulimala. Lokhu kusho ukwelapha i-acne kusenesikhathi nangempumelelo kunokuvumela izilonda ukuba zihlale, ukugwema ukukhipha noma ukuhluza izinkinga, ukukhetha imikhiqizo yokunakekela isikhumba ethule, nokuba neqhaza eliqinile ezinqubweni ezinzima ezifana nezikhukhula ezikhemikhali noma izinqubo ze-laser, ikakhulukazi kumakhono amnyama lapho ingozi yokukhuthaza i-PIH entsha iphakeme.

Izithako eziningi eziphathelene zineziqinisekiso ezinamandla zokwelapha ezisekela ukusebenza kwazo ngokumelene ne-hyperpigmentation. Indlela ephumelelayo ivame ukuhlanganisa izithako eziningi ezisebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene. I-Vitamin C, ikakhulukazi i-L-ascorbic acid ngezinga elingu-10 kuya ku-20 percent, ingesinye sezithako eziphumelelayo kakhulu zokukhanyisa.

Ivimbela i-enzyme tyrosinase, ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-melanin, futhi inikeza ukuvikelwa kwe-antioxidant ngokumelene ne-pigmentation ekhuthazwa yi-UV. I-Vitamin C isebenza kahle kakhulu uma ifomulwe ngezinga eliphansi le-pH futhi igcinwe ezipakishweni ezimnyama, ezivalekile ukuze kuvinjwe i-oxidation. Faka ekuseni ngaphansi kwe-sunscreen ukuze uthole inzuzo yokuvimbela ehlanganisiwe.

Ama-retinoids — kuhlanganise ne-retinol ethengiswa ngaphandle kokwelashwa kanye ne-tretinoin yokubhaliswa — akhuthaza ukuhamba kwamangqamuzana, kuletha ama-mangqamuzana anemibala phezulu ngokushesha futhi akhuthaza ukufakwa kwabo ngama-mangqamuzana anemibala ejwayelekile. Baphinde bathuthukise ukwabiwa kwe-melanin phakathi kwesikhumba. Ama-retinoids athatha izinyanga eziyi-8 kuya kweziyi-12 ukuze abonakale imiphumela futhi adinga ukufakwa kancane ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvuvukala.

I-Azelaic acid ngezinga le-15 kuya ku-20 percent iyindlela ethile yokwelapha ye-hyperpigmentation. Ivimbela i-tyrosinase ngokukhethekile kuma-melanocytes asebenza ngokweqile ngenkathi ishiyela ama-melanocytes asebenza kahle engathinteki, okwenza kube kuphephe kakhulu kumakhono amnyama lapho ezinye izinqubo ezinzima zikhona ingozi yokukhuthaza i-hypopigmentation. Iphinde ibe nezinzuzo zokuvuvukala nezokulwa namagciwane, okwenza ibe usizo kwi-PIH ehlobene ne-acne.

I-Niacinamide ngezinga le-3 kuya ku-5 percent ivimbela ukudluliswa kwe-melanin ukusuka kuma-melanocytes kuya kumangqamuzana esikhumba ezizungezile, kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo i-pigmentation ebonakalayo. I-Alpha arbutin, i-tranexamic acid, kanye ne-kojic acid yizithako ezengeziwe ezineziqinisekiso zokukhanyisa, nakuba ngokuvamile zineziphumo ezincane kunezithako ezichazwe ngenhla. I-Hydroquinone ngezinga le-2 kuya ku-4 percent isaqhubeka nokuba enye yezithako ezisebenzayo kakhulu zokunciphisa i-pigment kodwa kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kokubhekwa kwezokwelapha ngenxa yemiphumela emibi engase ibe khona uma isetshenziswa isikhathi eside.

Uma ukuphathwa okungaphezulu kokubhekwa kuphela kungakhiqizi ukuthuthukiswa okwanele, izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zingahlinzeka ngemiphumela ebonakalayo kakhulu. Ukuhlanzwa kwemichamo okusebenzisa i-glycolic acid, i-salicylic acid, noma i-trichloroacetic acid kususa ungqimba olungaphezulu lwezikhumba ezinemibala futhi kukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa. Ukuhlanzwa okungaphezulu kusebenza kahle futhi kungaphathwa ngochungechunge ukuze kutholakale inzuzo ehlanganisiwe.

Ukuhlanzwa okuphakathi kukhiqiza imiphumela ebonakalayo kakhulu kodwa kudinga isikhathi eside sokubuyisela futhi kunezingozi eziphezulu zokuhlaselwa ezindaweni ezinemibala emnyama. Ukuphathwa nge-laser kuthuthuke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwe-hyperpigmentation. Ama-laser e-Q-switched kanye nama-picosecond lasers agxile ku-melanin ngaphandle kokulimaza izicubu ezizungezile.

Ama-laser e-fractional akha izindawo zokwelapha ezincane ezilashlwayo ngokushesha ngenkathi zikhuthaza ukuhlela kabusha kwe-collagen kanye nokwabiwa kwemibala. Nokho, ukuphathwa nge-laser kwe-pigmentation kudinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwabantu kanye nochwepheshe abanamava, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanemibala emnyama, lapho ingozi yokuhlaselwa kwe-hyperpigmentation noma i-hypopigmentation emva kokuphathwa iphezulu. Ukuphathwa kwe-microneedling okuhlanganiswe nezinto zokukhanyisa eziphezulu kungathuthukisa ukungena futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela.

Ukuhlanzwa kwemichamo okwenziwe ngokwezifiso kumuntu ngamunye ngokohlobo lwezikhumba kanye nobukhulu bemibala kunikeza enye indlela engabizi yokuphathwa nge-laser enempumelelo enhle yokuphathwa kwe-pigmentation ye-epidermal. Ukubeka okulindelwe okufanele kubalulekile. Ukuphathwa kwe-hyperpigmentation kuyamarathon, hhayi umjaho.

Iningi lokuphathwa okungaphezulu kudinga izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezingu-6 zokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukuthuthukiswa okubonakalayo okubalulekile. I-melasma ikakhulukazi ivame ukufuna ukuphathwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kuvinjwe ukuphindaphinda. Ngisho nangemva kokuphathwa okuphumelelayo, noma yisiphi isimo esisha sokuvuvukala, ukuvezwa elangeni ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, noma ushintsho lwez hormonal kungavusa ukubuyela kwemibala.

Ukunakekela okuqhubekayo nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nokuvimbela ukuvuthwa kwangaphambili. Ihlelo elisebenzayo lesikhathi eside lokuphathwa kwe-hyperpigmentation lihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwelanga nsuku zonke, uhlelo oluqhubekayo lokukhanyisa, kanye nokuphathwa kwangaphambili kwanoma yisiphi isimo sokuvuvukala ngaphambi kokuba sibe nethuba lokuvusa ukukhiqizwa kwemibala emisha.!! Ukubekezela nokuphindaphinda kuvame ukuhamba phambili kunezinyathelo ezisheshayo eziphuthumayo ezithinta ingozi yokuvusa kabusha imibala noma ukulimala kwesitho.