There is no single cause of squamous cell carcinoma, but long‑term UV exposure, radiation, certain chemicals, chronic skin damage, and some rare skin diseases all increase the risk. In some cases, human papillomavirus (HPV) and a weakened immune system also play a role.
SCC can come back after treatment and, in some cases, spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs, especially when it is large, deep, or long‑standing. People with one SCC have a higher chance of developing new skin cancers in the future and need regular skin checks.
The main treatment for squamous cell carcinoma is complete surgical removal of the tumor with a margin of healthy skin. Depending on the size, depth, and location, doctors may also use radiotherapy, specialized surgery (like Mohs), or, in advanced cases, systemic treatments such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy.